**Jiangsu Jiuwu Hi-Tech Co., Ltd. (Jiuwu Hi-Tech)** was founded in 1997 by an academician team from Nanjing Tech University. It is a high-tech enterprise specializing in new material R&D and integrated solution provision. Recognized as the “Pioneer of China’s Ceramic Membrane Technology,” the company has ranked first in China’s ceramic membrane market for many consecutive years and holds a position among the global top three.

Jiuwu Hi-Tech is among the first batch of nationally accredited high-tech enterprises, a National Specialized and Sophisticated “Little Giant” Enterprise, a National Manufacturing National Manufacturing, and a leading enterprise in China’s ceramic membrane industry. It has been awarded the State Scientific and Technological Progress Award four times, the State Technological Invention Award once, and the China Patent Excellence Award. In 2023, it was honored with the title of “Excellent Enterprise of Jiangsu Province” by the Jiangsu Provincial Party Committee and Provincial Government, and in 2025, it was recognized as a “National Green Factory.”

Over nearly three decades, Jiuwu Hi-Tech has established a complete business industrial chain, spanning from new material development and technology R&D to process design, complete equipment manufacturing, integrated solution provision, and project operation. The company continuously strives for breakthroughs in the manufacturing of new materials such as ceramic membranes, organic membranes, and adsorbents. Based on these core technologies, it provides integrated solutions for four major sectors: New Energy Services, Industrial Fluid Separation, Water Treatment & Resource Recovery, and Industrial Waste Acid Resource Utilization. Notably, it has achieved groundbreaking innovative applications in multiple niche areas, including Salt Lake Lithium Extraction, Battery Cathode Materials, Comprehensive Waste Salt Treatment, Bio-fuel Ethanol, Chlor-alkali Industry, and Biological Products. Currently, the company’s products are exported to over forty countries and regions, earning widespread recognition from clients globally.

**Oxide Solid-State Electrolytes Achieve Continuous Small-Batch Stable Delivery**

According to public information, after nearly three years of intensive technological research, the R&D team at Jiuwu Hi-Tech has successfully developed a new proprietary preparation process for oxide solid-state electrolyte powders (LLZO and LATP series). The process optimizes ionic conductivity and water stability, thereby enhancing the relevant performance characteristics of the materials.

Currently, the company has established a supply system for various product forms, including powders, slurries, and dense ceramic sheets. The LLZO and LATP oxide solid-state electrolyte products have gained recognition from multiple downstream application companies due to their excellent comprehensive performance. The powder performance has reached the industry mainstream level, and the company has achieved continuous, stable small-batch deliveries.

**Superior Performance of Oxide Solid-State Electrolytes**

**1. High Ionic Conductivity**
Through a self-optimized collaborative “low-temperature solid-phase – atmosphere sintering” process, combined with sintering kinetics adjust and multi-element doping modification technology, Jiuwu Hi-Tech has mitigated the lithium volatilization challenge common in traditional high-temperature synthesis. This reduces production energy consumption and achieves a product batch consistency exceeding 95%, providing key technical support for large-scale industrial application. The prepared LLZO series materials exhibit a room-temperature ionic conductivity of **1.0 mS/cm**, and LATP achieves **1.30 mS/cm**, indicating excellent key performance indicators at the industry mainstream level.

**2. Narrow Particle Size Distribution**
In battery manufacturing, oxide solid-state electrolyte powders require small particle sizes to construct a highly connected ionic conduction network, ensure slurry uniformity, and optimize interfacial contact with electrodes. Simultaneously, a strict narrow particle size distribution effectively prevents component separation during the slurry coating and drying processes, avoiding uneven diaphragm thickness and surface defects, thus ensuring battery performance consistency and safety. Jiuwu Hi-Tech employs exclusive milling technology combined with self-developed composite dispersants to adjust the refining process, controlling the powder particle size to **D50 < 500nm, D90 < 900nm**. This ensures the powder is refined to the nanometer level while achieving an excellent narrow particle size distribution.

**3. Performance Stability**
Leveraging nearly three decades of profound technological accumulation in inorganic ceramic material sintering and chemical synthesis, Jiuwu Hi-Tech possesses industry-leading process沉淀 and R&D advantages. The company has established a national-level green smart factory equipped with advanced production and inspection equipment, ensuring that oxide solid-state electrolyte materials maintain high-purity phase and excellent crystallinity even during large-scale production. Through long-term technological breakthroughs and process optimization, the R&D team has successfully achieved high purity and excellent phase control for LLZO and LATP, while also demonstrating excellent batch stability at the hundred-kilogram scale, providing reliable material assurance for the development of solid-state battery technology.

On **March 18, 2026**, Jiangsu Jiuwu Hi-Tech Co., Ltd. will showcase its products at the Second All-Solid-State Battery Technology Exchange Conference organized by China Powder Network. Industry peers are welcome to visit and exchange ideas.

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China is the world’s largest importer of sulfur. Due to insufficient domestic resources and industrial structure, the country has long maintained a high external dependence on sulfur and certain sulfur chemical derivatives, with the Middle East being the core source of imports. However, the recent escalation of conflicts in the Middle East (especially the disruption of transportation through the Strait of Hormuz caused by the US-Iran conflict) has directly impacted the global sulfur supply chain. This, in turn, has transmitted shocks to China’s sulfur and downstream sulfur chemical derivative markets, causing a series of fluctuations in supply, prices, and market dynamics.

**A Key Component for All-Solid-State Batteries: Lithium Sulfide (Li₂S)**

In recent years, the rapid expansion of the new energy industry has significantly increased the application of sulfur in materials like those used in batteries. All-solid-state batteries are considered a crucial future direction for battery technology. Among these, the sulfide electrolyte route, seen as the most promising for industrialization, has become a core focus of industry research. Mainstream battery companies such as CATL, BYD, and Gotion High-tech are concentrating on this path,are fully dedicating resources to R&D and technological breakthroughs.

Currently, there are two main technological processes for producing sulfide solid-state electrolytes:
1. Sulfur reacts with sulfuric acid and lithium compounds to form lithium sulfide.
2. Sulfur is converted to hydrogen sulfide, which then reacts with a lithium source to form high-purity lithium sulfide.

As the core precursor for sulfide solid-state electrolytes, lithium sulfide (Li₂S) directly determines the performance, production cost, and reliability of the battery cell. The functions and roles of lithium sulfide include:

* **Lithium Source Provision:** As the sole source of lithium ions in electrolyte synthesis, it directly determines the lithium ion concentration in the electrolyte, thereby affecting lithium ion conduction efficiency and battery capacity.
* **Structural Framework:** The interconnected tetrahedral structural units within lithium sulfide form a three-dimensional lithium ion conduction network, which is the fundamental basis for the electrolyte’s high ionic conductivity.
* **Defect Control:** By adjusting the ratio of lithium sulfide, lithium ion conduction pathways can be optimized, reducing migration resistance.
* **Interface Stability:** High-purity lithium sulfide reduces the probability of side reactions between the electrolyte and the lithium metal anode, extending the battery’s cycle life.

The large-scale production of lithium sulfide is key to the mass production of sulfide solid-state batteries. Although mass production of lithium sulfide still faces numerous technical challenges, several domestic companies in China have achieved breakthroughs through continuous technological efforts and have now entered the stage of small-scale production.

According to public information, domestic companies that have achieved small-scale production or are in the pilot stage mainly include: Guanghua Technology, XTC New Energy Materials, Shanghai Xiba, Ganfeng Lithium, Tianqi Lithium, Tinci Materials, SEMCORP, Sichuan All-Solid-State New Materials, Suzhou Yunhuo Technology, Xiamen Guna New Energy, Xiamen Kaina Graphene, HSC New Energy Materials, and Haichen Pharmaceutical.

**Impact of Hindered Sulfur Imports**

Current global sulfur production capacity is approximately 85 million tons, with the industry operating near full capacity but showing limited incremental growth. Annual output is around 80-82 million tons, with a year-on-year growth rate of only about 2%, slowing further from the approximately 4% growth rate in 2024.

The Middle East is the core of global sulfur supply (with the region’s output accounting for over 30% of the global total). Some of its resources are prioritized for local markets and emerging markets like Indonesia (via long-term contracts and price-driven diversion), severely diverting resources away from traditional demand countries and intensifying supply tightness. Meanwhile, Russia, a key global sulfur producer, has shifted from a net exporter to a net importer due to the Russia-Ukraine war,continuous tightening globally available sulfur resources and driving up sulfur prices.

Due to the US-Iran conflict, Iranian refineries have halted production, and cargoes cannot be shipped from Middle Eastern ports, leading to a significant reduction in import volumes. Imports decreased from 850,000-900,000 tons per month in January to 450,000-550,000 tons per month in March, a drop of 40%-50%. Approximately 50% of Iranian sulfur orders for March could not be delivered.

Due to the supply disruption in the Middle East, obstructed transport through the Strait of Hormuz, shipowners suspending voyages, soaring insurance premiums, and panic buying, sulfur prices rose from 3,910 RMB/ton in January to 4,400 RMB/ton in March, an increase of 12.53%, with a single-day highest increase of 230 RMB/ton.

**China’s Sulfur Supply**

China’s sulfur supply sources primarily consist of three pathways: recovery as a byproduct of oil refining, mining from pyrite (iron sulfide ore), and development of native sulfur deposits. Recovery from oil refining dominates, while the proportions from pyrite and native sulfur are relatively low.

* **Refining Byproduct Recovery:** This is the most significant source of sulfur in China. With the expansion of the domestic refining industry and the improvement of clean fuel standards, the volume of sulfur recovered during petroleum refining desulfurization processes has increased annually. It is reported that in 2025, the domestic sulfur market concentration is high, with leading firms firmly holding dominant positions. Looking at capacity distribution: Sinopec (8.34 million tons/year), PetroChina (3.68 million tons/year), and Rongsheng Petrochemical (1.21 million tons/year) firmly hold the top three spots, with a combined capacity of 13.23 million tons, accounting for over 70% of national capacity and forming the core supply force in the market.
* **Pyrite Mining:** Pyrite constitutes an important component of China’s sulfur resources, with total reserves of approximately 13 billion tons, widely distributed but with significant variations in grade. The Yunfu Pyrite Mine in Guangdong is the largest open-pit pyrite mine in China, with reserves of 208 million tons and an average sulfur grade of 31.04%. Its annual raw ore processing capacity reaches 3 million tons, producing 1.4 million tons of sulfur concentrate annually. Mines like those in Ma’anshan (Anhui) and Dongshengmiao (Inner Mongolia) also have certain production capacities, but overall development and utilization levels have been affected by environmental policies and production costs, leading to slow output growth in recent years. The process of producing sulfur from pyrite is relatively complex and involves certain environmental pollution issues. When sulfur supply from refining byproducts is sufficient, the market share of pyrite-based sulfur has gradually shrunk, currently accounting for only about 10% of domestic sulfur production.
* **Native Sulfur Development:** Native sulfur resources are relatively scarce in China, with low levels of development and utilization. They are mainly distributed in Xinjiang, Gansu, and other places. Xinjiang’s sulfur resource reserves are estimated at around 200 million tons, but the grade is low, with an average sulfur content of less than 15%, making extraction costs high. The Baiyin area in Gansu also has small amounts of native sulfur resources, but large-scale development has not yet been achieved. Due to high technical requirements and poor economics associated with native sulfur extraction, its current output accounts for less than 1% of domestic sulfur production, contributing minimally to supply.

**Major Domestic Sulfur Producers:**

* **Sinopec:** The leading domestic sulfur producer, with an annual sulfur capacity of 8.34 million tons, accounting for 46.2% of national capacity and firmly holding the top market share in China.
* **PetroChina:** The second-largest domestic sulfur producer, with an annual capacity of 3.68 million tons, representing 20.4% of national capacity. Relying on the country’s largest natural gas extraction and refining capacities, its sulfur supply is stable.
* **Rongsheng Petrochemical:** A leading private refining company, ranking third domestically with an annual sulfur capacity of 1.21 million tons, leveraging its Zhejiang Petroleum Refining & Chemical complex with 40 million tons of integrated refining and chemical capacity for significant cost advantages.
* **Eastern Shenghong (东方盛虹):** A core private refining enterprise with an annual sulfur capacity of 600,000 tons, featuring comprehensive upstream and downstream integration.
* **Hengli Petrochemical:** Holds a considerable sulfur production capacity.
* **Yuegui Guangdong (粤桂股份):** Possesses pyrite raw ore production capacity of 1.2 million tons/year.
* **Liuguo Chemical (六国化工):** Holds advantages in pyrite resources.
* **Huilong Holdings (辉隆股份):** Features a well-established pyrite industry chain layout.

The new national standard has already been implemented for some time, and more and more new standard electric bikes are appearing on the roads. To pursue longer range, many people choose lithium battery models, as lithium batteries have an advantage in terms of range.

Recently, good news came for lithium batteries. The State Administration for Market Regulation issued GB/T 36972—2026, “Safety Technical Specification for Lithium-ion Batteries for Electric Bicycles.” This is seen as the new national performance standard for lithium batteries, and it has been clearly stated that it will be officially implemented from September 1st. Subsequently, electric bike users will benefit in three main aspects.

So, what exactly has changed with this so-called “Performance Technical Specification”? Simply put, what was previously vague is now clarified, and what was previously lenient is now strict. The new version of the standard not only clarifies the performance requirements for individual cells and battery packs, but also specifies detailed test methods in detail, even standardizing aspects like packaging, transportation, and storage. It is specifically applicable to electric bicycles that comply with GB 17761, drawing a clear red line for the industry’s development.

Once the standard is officially implemented from September 1st, using lithium batteries that comply with this new national standard will bring three major benefits to users.

**Lithium batteries will become more durable.**
Previously, buying a lithium battery was somewhat of a gamble regarding whether it would last 3 years or 5 years, as there was no clear standard, and the charge-discharge cycle count of batteries wasn’t accurate either.

After the implementation of the new lithium battery performance standard, the testing standards for charge-discharge cycle counts are clearly defined. This means manufacturers must meet minimum charge-discharge cycle requirements during production. For users, this is undoubtedly a reassurance.

Lithium batteries that meet the new performance standard will see a significant improvement in overall durability. Users no longer need to worry about batteries retiring prematurely. They can use them with confidence, saving both worry and money.

**The overall performance experience of lithium batteries will be comprehensively upgraded.**
As is well known, lead-acid batteries are significantly affected by temperature. Lithium batteries are also affected by temperature. As the temperature drops, the capacity of lithium batteries decreases, and there can even be situations where they cannot be charged at low temperatures.

With the implementation of the new lithium battery performance standard, technical requirements for low-temperature charging capacity and low-temperature cycle life have been specifically added. This means lithium batteries must not only perform well at room temperature but also be durable and reliable in high or low-temperature environments.

This ensures that in the future, whether in cold winters or hot summers, the charging and discharging capacity of the lithium batteries used will be guaranteed. This not only increases riding range but also makes using lithium batteries safer.

**Inferior lithium batteries will exit the market, making users more confident when replacing batteries.**
When replacing lithium batteries, one often notices significant price differences. Batteries with the same nominal capacity can differ in price by tens or even hundreds of RMB. Why is there such a big gap? The reason is the large number of substandard, assembled lithium batteries from small workshops on the market.

These assembled, inferior lithium batteries are often the source of safety hazards. After the implementation of the new lithium battery performance standard, the technical threshold for batteries will be raised. Production methods aimed at cutting corners will be phased out, as they simply won’t be able to meet the new requirements for discharge performance and cycle life.

Once the new lithium battery performance standard is strictly enforced in the future, inferior products will be eliminated. When buying lithium batteries in the future, the market will be filled with products that meet the new national standard—with better performance and more stable quality. Users will no longer have to worry about buying shoddy goods that won’t last.

**Summary**
Starting from September 1st, the new national performance standard for lithium batteries will be officially implemented. This standard clarifies multiple performance criteria for lithium batteries. Only lithium batteries that meet this standard will be allowed for sale. This is undoubtedly good news for the majority of electric bike users. It will not only make lithium batteries more durable and provide a better performance experience but, crucially, it will lead to the elimination of inferior lithium batteries. In the future, replacing lithium batteries will be a much more reliable process.

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Recently, Chinese scientists have achieved a new breakthrough in core lithium battery technology. A research team composed of units such as Nankai University and the Shanghai Institute of Space Power Sources has developed a novel electrolyte technology that is expected to significantly enhance the endurance of existing lithium batteries, while also notably improving their low-temperature performance. This achievement was published in the international academic journal *Nature* on the 26th.

This blue lithium battery is a conventional product currently in use, while the thin, silver-gray sample represents the new technological achievement of the Nankai research team. Although their energy levels are similar, the latter is significantly smaller in size. This means that if manufactured with the same volume and weight, the new battery’s endurance could be greatly improved.

The core breakthrough of the new battery lies in its internal electrolyte, which functions as a medium for ion conduction, much like a “highway” between the positive and negative electrodes. Currently, the electrolyte solvents in lithium-ion batteries typically contain an important element—oxygen. Its advantage lies in its strong ability to dissolve lithium salts, but this strong interaction also limits charge transfer, making it difficult to further increase the battery’s energy density and restricting its low-temperature performance.

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