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Journalists learned from the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP) under the Chinese Academy of Sciences on the 10th that the research team led by Academician Chen Zhongwei has completed field tests of ultra-low temperature lithium batteries in Mohe, Heilongjiang Province. This marks that China’s self-developed battery technology is now capable of supporting various devices with “plug-and-play” functionality in extreme cold conditions, solving the energy supply challenge for batteries in severely cold regions.

According to Associate Professor Zhang Meng, deputy leader of the team in charge of low-temperature battery technology, the team’s independently developed ultra-low temperature battery technology and supporting AI-powered battery management system address key industry challenges—such as sharp activity decline, drastically reduced endurance, and even complete failure of traditional lithium batteries in low temperatures—through innovative designs of low-temperature resistant electrolytes, development of quasi-solid-state functional separators, and the integration of advanced AI-based battery management algorithms.

The DICP team led by Academician Chen Zhongwei completed field tests of the ultra-low temperature lithium batteries in Mohe, Heilongjiang Province. (Photo provided by the research team)

It is reported that, during the tests in an extreme cold environment of minus 34 degrees Celsius, the lithium batteries—without any external insulation measures—retained over 85% of usable capacity after being left idle for more than eight hours, and successfully powered an industrial-grade drone during long-endurance flights and multiple mission simulations.

Zhang Meng stated that this achievement is expected to resolve the long-standing issue of batteries being “afraid of the cold” in polar and subarctic regions, bringing “warm energy” to application scenarios such as forest fire prevention, power grid inspection, and emergency communications in high-cold conditions both in China and globally. The widespread adoption of this technology will strategically enhance China’s energy autonomy and the reliability of technological equipment in extreme cold environments, and also provide Chinese solutions for other regions of the world facing similar challenges.

According to the team, the ultra-low temperature battery technology and AI-based power management system can be widely applied not only in 3C electronics, but also ensure that outdoor operational devices such as logistics drones, inspection drones, and specialized robots can operate without limitations during cold seasons and in low-temperature regions.

Recently, ultra-high energy-density lithium-rich manganese solid-liquid batteries have been successfully installed in vehicles by China FAW Group’s subsidiary, China Auto New Energy Battery Technology Co., Ltd., marking an industry-first achievement!

The ultra-high energy-density lithium-rich manganese solid-liquid battery product, jointly developed by China Auto New Energy and the research team led by Academician Chen Jun of Nankai University, represents a significant breakthrough in China’s high-energy-density power battery sector and signifies the official entry of lithium-rich manganese solid-liquid battery technology into the commercialization stage.

The battery cell boasts an energy density of 5003 Wh/kg, more than double that of mainstream lithium iron phosphate batteries. The battery pack capacity has increased by 67% year-on-year, reaching a total capacity of 142 kWh. When installed in vehicles, this enables a driving range exceeding 1,000 km.

The battery employs a self-developed ultra-wetting in-situ cured composite electrolyte technology, combining the high safety of solid-state batteries with the high ionic conductivity of liquid batteries. This effectively addresses the challenge of high interfacial impedance commonly found in traditional solid-state batteries.

With ultra-high specific capacity and energy density, its theoretical specific capacity can reach 400–450 mAh/g, far surpassing that of traditional ternary materials. The innovative “Thermal-Electrical-Mechanical-Gas-Fire” five-dimensional protection technology ensures no thermal propagation in the battery system, significantly enhancing safety.

It is reported that lithium-rich manganese solid-liquid batteries fall under the category of semi-solid-state batteries, serving as a transitional technology from liquid lithium batteries to all-solid-state lithium batteries. By maintaining the high ionic conductivity of liquid electrolytes while incorporating solid electrolytes, they enhance interfacial stability and safety.

Plans are in place to commence pilot operations in 2026 to validate the battery’s reliability and durability in real-world usage environments. Continuous optimization of battery materials and structures will be pursued, with the goal of achieving a system energy density exceeding 340 Wh/kg, a battery pack capacity surpassing 200 kWh, and a driving range of 1,600 km.

On February 6, the first technical committee meeting of 2026 for the National Engineering Research Center for Lithium-Ion Power Batteries (hereinafter referred to as the “National Engineering Center”) was held at the headquarters of China Automotive New Energy Battery Technology Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “China Automotive New Energy”). Nearly 20 industry experts attended the meeting, including Chen Jun, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Executive Vice President of Nankai University, and Director of the Technical Committee of the National Engineering Research Center for Lithium-Ion Power Batteries; Lu Tianjun, Party Secretary and General Manager of China Automotive New Energy; Qin Xingcai, Vice Chairman of the China Automotive Power Battery Industry Innovation Alliance; Huang Yunhui, Deputy Director of the Academic Committee of Huazhong University of Science and Technology and Professor. The meeting was co-chaired by Chen Jun and Lu Tianjun.

During the meeting, Chen Jun, Lu Tianjun, Qin Xingcai, and Huang Yunhui jointly unveiled the plaque for the new site of the National Engineering Research Center for Lithium-Ion Power Batteries. The National Engineering Center showcased multiple collaborative innovation achievements. Among them, Academician Chen Jun and General Manager Lu Tianjun jointly unveiled and launched an ultra-high specific energy solid-liquid battery system product. Developed jointly by the research team led by Academician Chen Jun of Nankai University and the R&D Technology Center of China Automotive New Energy, the product features an energy density exceeding 500 Wh/kg for its cells, a 67% increase in battery pack capacity compared to similar products, and a vehicle range of over 1,000 km after installation.

Yan Zhenhua, a core member of the joint team and a professor at Nankai University, stated that the product adopts independently developed innovative materials and key technologies. The cathode specific capacity exceeds 300 mAh/g, and the cell energy density surpasses 500 Wh/kg, which is more than twice that of high-performance lithium iron phosphate batteries. The product utilizes a super-wettable in-situ solidified composite electrolyte technology, offering advantages such as high ionic conductivity, super-wettability, a wide electrochemical window, strong interfacial affinity, flame retardancy, and low cost. It also employs an in-situ lithium anode generation technology, addressing the issues of high cost and safety risks associated with using metallic lithium strips. This not only reduces production costs and simplifies manufacturing processes but also achieves significant breakthroughs in battery cycle life and safety.

Li Xue, another core member of the joint team from China Automotive New Energy, noted that the newly launched battery product features a system energy density of 288 Wh/kg and a pack capacity of 142 kWh, enabling a vehicle range of over 1,000 km after installation. Moreover, the product is still undergoing iterative upgrades and is expected to achieve a system energy density exceeding 340 Wh/kg, a pack capacity of over 200 kWh, and a range of more than 1,600 km. Additionally, the product innovatively incorporates a five-dimensional protection technology covering “thermal, electrical, mechanical, gas, and fire” aspects, achieving zero thermal propagation in the battery system. Combined with a cloud-vehicle coordinated battery management technology, the product is planned to commence demonstration operations in 2026.

Chen Jun emphasized that the National Engineering Center is a vital component of the national science and technology development plan, tasked with implementing major national strategies and leading technological advancements in the industry. It should further enhance its role in bridging fundamental research and industrial applications, overcoming “bottleneck” technologies, and addressing challenges in the transformation of research achievements, thereby serving as an engine for cultivating new productive forces. At the same time, while leveraging its leading and aggregating role within the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the National Engineering Center should also extend its influence nationwide and globally, fostering a collaborative innovation ecosystem involving industry, academia, and research. This will further advance battery technology innovation and industrialization, promote the high-quality development of the new energy industry, and contribute to economic and social development as well as industry progress.

In recent years, lead-acid batteries have faced widespread criticism due to their short lifespan and frequent replacement needs, forcing many electric vehicle users to spend hundreds of yuan every year or two on new batteries. Against this backdrop, BYD has applied its “Blade Battery” technology to the two-wheeled electric vehicle sector, launching a lithium battery product specifically designed for electric bicycles. This battery not only starts at a low price of 169 yuan but also boasts a claimed lifespan of up to 10 years, along with a 5-year warranty service. However, despite its notable performance advantages, the battery remains rarely seen in the market, sparking extensive discussions.

The core competitiveness of BYD’s lithium battery lies in its safety. Addressing public concerns about the flammability and explosiveness of lithium batteries, the product directly adopts automotive-grade safety standards, having passed 424 extreme condition tests, including nail penetration, crushing, and immersion. The company even promises that the battery can function normally when submerged in water up to one meter deep—a performance far surpassing that of ordinary lithium batteries produced by small manufacturers, offering consumers stronger safety guarantees.

Despite its impressive technical specifications, the widespread adoption of BYD’s lithium battery faces multiple obstacles. The primary issue is the high initial replacement cost. With a starting price of 1,169 yuan, the cost is not user-friendly for the average consumer. Many vehicle owners, after consulting repair shops, believe that the expense of replacing the battery is comparable to purchasing a new electric vehicle, leading them to opt for buying a new vehicle rather than upgrading the battery.

Compatibility challenges represent another significant barrier. Most electric vehicles currently on the market are designed with lead-acid batteries as the standard. Replacing these with lithium batteries not only involves the battery itself but also requires simultaneous upgrades to controllers, dashboards, and other supporting components. This process is not only costly but may also face penalties from traffic police for illegal modifications, discouraging the majority of users.

The lack of a brand collaboration ecosystem also hampers the promotion of BYD’s lithium battery. Mainstream electric vehicle brands like Yadea and Aima have established stable supply chain systems. When users need to replace their batteries, authorized stores typically recommend products from partnered manufacturers. As BYD has yet to secure widespread collaborations with these brands, its lithium battery product struggles to enter the original equipment configuration lists, leaving consumers with little to no exposure to this option during the purchasing process.

BYD’s entry into the two-wheeled electric vehicle battery market has brought technological innovation. However, transitioning from a “technological highlight” to a “mainstream choice” still requires overcoming multiple barriers related to pricing, compatibility, and channel partnerships. This process not only demands strategic adjustments from the company but also relies on the gradual deepening of consumer awareness regarding new technologies.

On February 5, Chongqing Changan Automobile Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as “Changan Automobile”) jointly held the “Changan Automobile Tianshu Intelligent New Safety Achievements Release and Sodium Battery Strategy Global Launch Event” with Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited (hereinafter referred to as “CATL”) in Yakeshi. Changan Automobile officially unveiled its global sodium battery strategy, and the world’s first sodium battery-powered mass-produced passenger vehicle made its debut. In the future, multiple brands under Changan Automobile, including Avatr, Deepal, Qiyuan, and Gravity, will be equipped with CATL’s sodium-based batteries.

Currently, the world’s first sodium battery-powered mass-produced passenger vehicle has completed winter calibration in Yakeshi, with its range, low-temperature performance, safety, and discharge performance meeting usage requirements.

As a new type of battery, sodium batteries serve as an important complement to lithium batteries. Zhang Xiaorong, President of DeepTech Research Institute, told Securities Daily: “The launch of the first sodium battery-powered mass-produced vehicle marks a breakthrough for electric vehicles in overcoming high-cold climate limitations. The new energy industry is collaborating to promote technological diversification, which is of great significance for enhancing the all-weather adaptability of new energy vehicles.”

It was learned from the launch event that the Changan Automobile models equipped with CATL’s sodium-based batteries exhibited a discharge power nearly three times higher than that of conventional lithium iron phosphate models with the same battery capacity under -30°C conditions. At -40°C, the capacity retention rate exceeded 90%, and even at the extreme temperature of -50°C, stable discharge was maintained.

Test data show that CATL’s sodium batteries, combined with its third-generation CTP system integration technology, can achieve a pure electric range of over 400 km, with the highest energy density of the battery cells reaching 175 Wh/kg, placing it at the leading level in the industry. CATL believes that with the rapid development of the sodium battery industry chain, the pure electric range could be upgraded to 500 km or even 600 km, and the range for extended-range hybrid vehicles could exceed 300 km or even 400 km, covering over 50% of the range requirements in the new energy vehicle market.

It is worth mentioning that CATL initiated research and development of sodium-ion battery technology as early as 2016, with cumulative investments nearing 10 billion yuan by 2025. Its sodium-ion batteries also demonstrate excellent safety performance, passing extreme safety tests such as multi-surface crushing, electric drill penetration, and complete sawing while fully charged.

As a leading automaker fully embracing sodium batteries, Changan Automobile boasts over 40 years of profound automotive manufacturing experience. In 2025, Changan Automobile’s new energy vehicle sales exceeded 1.1 million units. With its multi-brand portfolio ranging from premium to mass-market brands and from passenger to commercial vehicles, Changan Automobile is expected to provide a million-unit market foundation for the large-scale application of sodium batteries in the future.

A representative of Changan Automobile told Securities Daily: “With the deepening of the strategic cooperation between the two companies, we will be the first to equip CATL’s sodium batteries in multiple new models across our brands, aiming to become the first leading automaker to fully adopt sodium batteries. This initiative seeks to share the benefits of the new energy era with users through technological democratization.”

The current wave of electrification in the new energy industry is dominated by lithium batteries. However, with breakthroughs in sodium battery technology, industry insiders believe that sodium batteries, leveraging their unique resource advantages and rapid technological advancements, will form a “lithium-sodium complementary” ecosystem alongside lithium batteries. Together, they will build a diversified energy supply structure, opening up new pathways for the sustainable development of the new energy industry.

It is reported that in 2026, CATL will apply sodium batteries on a large scale in areas such as battery swapping, passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, and energy storage, fostering a new development trend of “lithium-sodium synergy.”

According to data from ICC Xinluo, China’s sodium-ion battery production reached 3.45 GWh in 2025, representing a year-on-year increase of 96%. In 2025, China’s total sodium battery cathode output amounted to 11,000 tons, a 101% increase year-on-year. It is expected that the operational capacity for sodium battery cathodes will exceed 120,000 tons in 2026. This trend will support the explosive growth of downstream sodium battery applications, with capacity utilization rates expected to rise significantly.

Zhang Xiaorong stated that the coordinated development of lithium and sodium batteries is a more practical path aligned with the development of the new energy industry. “Lithium batteries focus on high-end, long-range applications, while sodium batteries target medium-to-short-range travel and extreme environments. Their complementarity can enhance the resilience of the industry chain, reduce resource risks, and accelerate the adoption of battery swapping and electrification in lower-tier markets.”

“Sodium reserves worldwide far exceed those of lithium, which means sodium batteries will be less costly than lithium batteries,” said Zhang Xiang, Secretary-General of the International Association of Intelligent Transportation Technology. “In addition to their cost advantage, sodium batteries also exhibit excellent low-temperature performance and a broad applicable temperature range. However, whether sodium batteries can achieve large-scale application in the future remains to be tested over time.”

On February 3, following the signing of a major 6GWh energy storage order in Egypt in January, Trunergy New Energy secured another significant overseas contract yesterday. The company signed a strategic cooperation agreement on energy storage with Saudi Arabia’s Al Rajhi Electrical and Shanghai E-Electric Power in Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Under the agreement, Trunergy will supply a total of 5.5GWh of energy storage products to Al Rajhi Electrical for localized production and project development in the Middle Eastern market.

The cooperation aims to actively support Saudi Arabia’s energy transition strategy under its “Vision 2030” and jointly explore the energy storage market in the Middle East. According to the agreement, Trunergy will serve as Al Rajhi Electrical’s first Chinese strategic partner in the energy storage sector. Leveraging its strong R&D capabilities and large-scale manufacturing expertise in the lithium battery industry, Trunergy will provide advanced energy storage products and comprehensive technical support for Al Rajhi Electrical’s local factory construction in Saudi Arabia. Over the next three years, Trunergy will supply a total of 5.5GWh of energy storage products to Al Rajhi Electrical for localized production and project deployment in the Middle Eastern market.

On January 16, Trunergy also signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Egypt’s WeaCan and Kemet. Under this agreement, WeaCan and Kemet will serve as key facilitators for project implementation, leveraging their deep local industry resources and extensive project experience in Egypt. They will be responsible for application scenario, government approval coordination, grid connection support, and localized operational services, providing solid support for the large-scale deployment of Trunergy’s energy storage products. Trunergy, as the core technology and product supplier, will deliver a total of 6GWh of high-quality energy storage products in phases, ensuring their safe and stable operation within Egypt’s power system while offering full-cycle technical support services.

Currently, Trunergy has established four major regional service centers globally, covering China, Europe, North America, and Australia. This network forms a localized service support system that extends worldwide, offering comprehensive lifecycle services—from product delivery and technical consultation to installation, commissioning, and operational maintenance. With its independently developed core technologies, high-safety system designs, and precise responsiveness to diverse market demands, Trunergy has achieved batch deliveries and landmark project implementations in over 60 countries and regions. Its brand influence continues to grow, and customer recognition continues to deepen.

In 2025, Trunergy’s shipment volume exceeded 90GWh, positioning it among the top global energy storage battery suppliers. As large overseas orders from North Africa, the Middle East, and other regions continue to be secured, Trunergy’s global footprint is further expanding. The company is set to increase its market share and brand influence overseas, contributing “Trunergy Power” to the global energy transition.

On January 31st, NIU officially launched its U3 series of new national standard electric bicycles, covering the U3 Citi, U3 Sport, and U3 Pro models. As a heavyweight offering from NIU under the new national standard, this series aims to set a new benchmark for urban functionality and trendsetting style.

The upgrades comprehensively span three key dimensions, with the U3 Pro version standing out in particular.

In terms of performance, the series features an exclusively customized supercharged, long-range NEVAN Snow Leopard 48V30Ah lithium battery. A single battery provides a range of up to 107km. Paired with a 12-inch high-performance motor, acceleration from 0 to 25km/h takes only 2.97 seconds, ensuring swift response. The full-size, extra-wide tires offer superior grip.

Regarding smart features, the series introduces the industry-first bidirectional Lingxi Throttle, allowing forward and backward control with a single twist. It is equipped with a full-size TFT true-color display supporting automotive-grade AI full-screen navigation, customizable wallpapers, and sound effects. The Magic Wheel knob enables one-touch control of core functions.

For safety, the bikes are outfitted with Safe Brake dual-channel valve-type true ABS, combined with the industry-first automotive-grade UWB radar system. This provides precise blind-spot monitoring and collision warnings, offering comprehensive protection for riders. The convergence of multiple breakthrough technologies fully demonstrates the comprehensively leading product strength of the U3 series.

It is worth noting that the entire U3 series is equipped with the NEVAN Snow Leopard 48V30Ah lithium battery. This battery delivers a range exceeding 100 kilometers, ensuring carefree daily commuting. It performs well in cold environments, supporting charging at temperatures as low as -15°C and maintaining over 95% capacity at -20°C. The battery also boasts a long cycle life, with a capacity retention rate above 60% after 800 cycles. In terms of safety, the Snow Leopard battery has passed over 16,000 test cases, excelling in extreme tests far exceeding national standards, such as a 2-meter high drop and a 14cm steel nail puncture through the battery pack, providing a solid foundation for riding safety.

The launch of NIU’s U3 series sets a new benchmark for the new national standard electric bicycle market. Moving forward, NIU will continue to advance technological innovation, bringing users more high-performance mobility products and persistently leading the upgrade of the two-wheel travel experience.

According to a January 25 report by the South Korean media outlet “Business Post,” Samsung SDI plans to invest approximately 1 trillion won in its Göd factory in Hungary to establish a cylindrical battery production line. The company’s CEO, Choi Joo-sun, intends to shift the product portfolio for the European electric vehicle battery market from prismatic batteries to high-performance cylindrical batteries.

The European electric vehicle market is currently undergoing structural adjustments. Due to the economic slowdown, consumers are showing a preference for more economical electric vehicles, leading to a surge in demand for lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries. Chinese battery manufacturers, leveraging the cost advantages of LFP batteries, are rapidly capturing market share in Europe.

This shift has directly impacted Samsung SDI. According to data from SNE Research, from January to November 2025, Samsung SDI’s electric vehicle battery sales in Europe reached 11.7 GWh, a year-on-year decline of 19%. Its market share also dropped from 9.3% to 5.7%.

More critically, with CATL entering Europe and becoming BMW’s largest battery supplier, Samsung SDI lost its long-held position as BMW’s top battery supplier and was directly affected by BMW’s struggles in electric vehicle sales.

Furthermore, combined with the downturn in the U.S. electric vehicle market and reduced demand in North America due to subsidy cancellations, Samsung SDI’s performance has been severely impacted. Citing financial data, South Korean media reported that Samsung SDI’s revenue for 2025 was 129.095 trillion won, with an operating loss of 1.7272 trillion won, marking its first annual loss since 2016. For 2026, revenue is projected to be 150.23 trillion won, with an operating loss of 286.2 billion won.

As growth in the Chinese and American electric vehicle markets slows, Europe has become a focal point of competition for battery manufacturers. Recently, following the UK and France, Germany also reinstated its electric vehicle subsidy policy.

To reverse its decline in the European market, Samsung SDI is accelerating its strategic deployment of its 46-series cylindrical batteries to secure a position as BMW’s fourth cylindrical battery supplier.

Currently, BMW primarily uses prismatic batteries. However, BMW had earlier announced that starting from 2027–2028, its new-generation electric vehicle platform, “Neue Klasse,” will be equipped with Gen6 large cylindrical batteries.

BMW had previously announced its three large cylindrical battery suppliers: CATL, EVE Energy, and Envision AESC. Both CATL and EVE Energy have already established battery factories in Debrecen, Hungary, and are accelerating their progress toward mass production. CATL’s Hungarian factory is set to commence mass production in March or April this year, with an initial planned annual capacity of up to 40 GWh. It is reported that all production capacity has already been reserved by customers. EVE Energy’s Hungarian factory has a planned capacity of 30 GWh, with construction work fully underway and expected to be completed and operational by 2027.

In response, Samsung SDI recently placed orders for hundreds of cylindrical battery production equipment from its partners. Industry predictions estimate the investment scale to be around 1 trillion won. The company plans to begin introducing the equipment in the second half of this year, complete preparations for mass production by 2027, and achieve full-scale production by 2028.

According to previously disclosed information from BMW, the Gen6 large cylindrical battery, with a diameter of 46 mm, is specifically designed for BMW’s “Neue Klasse” vehicle electronic architecture. It can increase driving range by up to 30% (WLTP). Compared to the fifth-generation prismatic cells, the Gen6 cylindrical cells have a higher nickel content and reduced cobalt content in the cathode, along with increased silicon content in the anode, resulting in a volumetric energy density improvement of over 20%.

However, earlier reports indicated that BMW’s cylindrical battery requirements are for 4695 and 46120 cells—meaning a diameter of 46 mm but heights of 95 mm and 120 mm, respectively, rather than 80 mm.

Samsung SDI’s cylindrical battery roadmap aligns closely with BMW’s requirements. Its cylindrical batteries are 46P type, with a diameter of 46 mm, and can be produced in various heights, such as 80 mm, 95 mm, 100 mm, and 120 mm. Compared to the 2170 cylindrical batteries, these offer over five times the energy capacity and output.

Additionally, last year, the South Korean media outlet etnews cited industry sources stating that the first mass-produced 46P cylindrical battery from Samsung SDI’s Hungarian factory is expected to be the 4695 model and is likely to be installed in BMW’s next-generation electric vehicle models in Europe.

In this report by “Business Post,” an analyst from Shin Young Securities pointed out that as Chinese companies strengthen their position in the European market, Samsung SDI’s sales of ternary prismatic batteries may continue to face pressure. However, starting from 2027, with the supply of cylindrical batteries for the new electric vehicle platform, its sales in Europe are expected to recover.

Overall, it is almost an open secret that Samsung SDI will become BMW’s fourth cylindrical battery supplier.

In 2025, within the new energy vehicle sector, solid-state batteries have undoubtedly become the most dazzling “star.”

For years, solid-state batteries largely remained in the realm of conceptual hype, confined to laboratory research or serving as flashy PowerPoint highlights at automakers’ launch events to attract attention. However, in 2025, this technology broke through its constraints and truly took a critical step from prototypes to products, and from demonstration to mass production.

In October 2025, CCTV News reported that Chinese scientists made a major breakthrough in solid-state lithium-metal battery technology, successfully addressing key challenges in enhancing battery performance. This means that the range of solid-state batteries is expected to leap from the previous benchmark of 500 km per 100 kg of battery to surpassing the 1,000-km ceiling.

A research team led by Huang Xuejie from the Institute of Physics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with teams from Huazhong University of Science and Technology and the Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, developed an iodine-ion-based “self-repairing” technology. During battery operation, iodine ions form an iodine-rich interface under an electric field, automatically filling gaps and pores between the electrode and electrolyte like “shifting sand.” This innovation completely eliminates reliance on external high-pressure equipment, overcoming the biggest bottleneck hindering the practical application of all-solid-state batteries. Meanwhile, other research teams have continued to advance innovations in flexibility and safety.

Moving beyond upstream materials, midstream battery manufacturers and major new energy vehicle companies have also accelerated their efforts in this field.

Specifically, CATL has adopted a strategy of “pursuing semi-solid-state first while tackling all-solid-state technology” in the solid-state battery arena. Its condensed semi-solid-state batteries achieved large-scale mass production in Q1 2025, and the world’s first sulfide all-solid-state battery pilot line was put into operation in Hefei in May last year, with plans for small-scale mass production by 2027. In October 2025, Sunwoda released its “Xinbixiao” polymer solid-state battery, with a 0.2 GWh all-solid-state battery pilot line expected to be completed in March this year, also targeting small-scale mass production by 2027.

Among new energy vehicle manufacturers, Changan Automobile’s “Golden Bell Cover” all-solid-state battery technology has progressed from the laboratory to real-vehicle validation, with plans to enter vehicle integration verification in 2026 and achieve scaled mass production by 2027. Geely Auto aims to complete all-solid-state battery vehicle integration verification in 2026, followed by scaled mass production in 2027. SAIC Motor emphasized in its 2026 new vehicle plan that all-solid-state batteries will undergo prototype vehicle testing within the year. Currently, the MG4 semi-solid-state “Anxin” edition has already been launched. GAC Group announced in November last year that it had taken the lead in building China’s first large-capacity all-solid-state battery pilot production line. By 2026, its Hyper brand models are expected to be fully equipped with solid-state batteries, with mass production gradually rolling out between 2027 and 2030.

Timeline-wise, most automakers’ plans for solid-state battery vehicle integration are concentrated between 2026 and 2030. Various indicators suggest that a competitive race around solid-state batteries has quietly commenced among major automakers. This, in turn, will accelerate the rapid development of solid-state batteries.

It is understood that solid-state batteries replace traditional flammable liquid electrolytes with non-combustible, non-corrosive solid electrolytes, fundamentally eliminating risks such as leakage, combustion, and explosions. Even under extreme conditions like high temperatures, compression, or puncture, they remain stable, ensuring inherent safety and significantly reducing thermal runaway risks. Thanks to their excellent stability, solid-state batteries can use metallic lithium as the anode, which offers up to ten times the energy density compared to current graphite anodes. Additionally, their stable nature results in fewer side effects, thereby extending battery lifespan. Moreover, they exhibit stronger adaptability to temperature variations, functioning effectively across a wide range from -50°C to 200°C. Furthermore, since there is no need to worry about leakage, solid-state batteries can be designed in more flexible shapes, perfectly adapting to electric vehicle platform structures, filling previously unused spaces, and substantially improving the volumetric energy density of power batteries.

Overall, the transition from liquid to solid-state batteries represents a generational leap in power battery technology.

Despite their multiple performance advantages, solid-state batteries still face significant challenges before they can truly achieve vehicle integration.

Among these challenges, the production processes and equipment requirements for solid-state batteries are far more demanding than those for liquid batteries. Public data shows that the cost of liquid lithium-ion batteries is approximately 100–150 USD/kWh, while solid-state batteries cost between 400–800 USD/kWh, making them three to four times more expensive. Additionally, the construction cost of ultra-clean, dry workshops required for solid-state batteries is several times higher than that of traditional liquid battery production lines.

Cost aside, solid-state batteries are not absolutely safe either. Some industry experts have noted, “A thermal runaway in a liquid battery might be like a small firecracker—startling but with limited destructive power—whereas if a solid-state battery breaches its safety limits, it could be more like a large firecracker, with more severe consequences.” In other words, the harm caused by thermal runaway in solid-state batteries could be greater.

Currently, high costs and safety uncertainties present significant practical obstacles to the deployment of solid-state batteries.

That said, the mass production and implementation of solid-state batteries would be a major boon for the new energy vehicle industry, and many automakers have already outlined clear timelines for this technology’s adoption. 2027 is a critical milestone for the small-batch mass production of solid-state batteries, with demonstration lines set to officially commence production and vehicle integration. By then, whether solid-state batteries are mere hype or genuine technological advancement will become clear.